Employment Insurance (EI)

Decision

[1] The appeal is dismissed. The Tribunal disagrees with the Appellant.

[2] The Canada Employment Insurance Commission (Commission) has proven that the Appellant lost his job because of misconduct (in other words, because he did something that caused him to lose his job). This means he is disqualified from receiving Employment Insurance (EI) benefits.

Overview

[3] The Appellant lost his job. The employer says that he was dismissed for non-compliance with its vaccination policy.

[4] Even though the Appellant doesn’t dispute that this happened, he says this isn’t the real reason he was dismissed. He argues that he was dismissed because the employer unlawfully denied his religious exemption request. And that going against his employer’s vaccination policy isn’t misconduct because he has medical and religious reasons for choosing not to be vaccinated.

[5] The Commission accepted the employer’s reason for the dismissal. It decided that the Appellant lost his job due to misconduct.^{Footnote 1} Because of this, it decided that he is disqualified from receiving EI benefits.

Matters I have to consider first

The employer is not a party to the appeal

[6] The Tribunal identified the Appellant’s employer as a potential added party to the appeal. The Tribunal sent the employer a letter asking if it had a direct interest in the appeal and wanted to be added as a party. The employer did not respond. As there is nothing in the file that indicates the employer has a direct interest in the appeal, I have decided not to add it as a party.

Issue

[7] Did the Appellant lose his job because of misconduct?

Analysis

[8] The law says that you can’t get EI benefits if you lose your job because of misconduct. This applies when the employer has let you go or suspended you.^{Footnote 2}

[9] I have to decide two things to answer the question of whether the Appellant was lost his job because of misconduct. First, I must determine why the Appellant was dismissed. Then, I must determine whether the law considers that reason to be misconduct.

Why was the Appellant dismissed?

[10] I find the Appellant was dismissed because he didn’t comply with the employer’s vaccination policy.

[11] The Appellant and the Commission don’t agree on why the Appellant lost his job. The Commission says that the reason the employer gave is the real reason for the dismissal.

[12] The employer told the Commission that the Appellant was dismissed for failing to comply with its COVID-19 vaccination policy.^{Footnote 3} It said that employees were notified of the policy and that they could be dismissed if they didn’t comply with the requirements.

[13] The evidence on file is clear that the employer did implement a vaccination policy that required employees to be vaccinated against COVID-19 or have an approved exemption. The Appellant applied for an exemption to this policy on religious grounds, but the employer denied his exemption request. Shortly after that, the Appellant was dismissed from his job.

[14] The Appellant says that he was only dismissed because the employer denied him an exemption to the COVID-19 vaccination policy. He said that the employer wasn’t legally allowed to deny him an exemption because he has a sincerely held religious belief. He argues the employer’s action in denying his exemption request and dismissing him amounts to religious discrimination.

[15] The parties’ positions are two sides of the same coin. The Appellant essentially says that he wouldn’t have been dismissed if the employer had approved his exemption request. But, if the employer had approved his exemption request, then he would have been in compliance with the employer’s vaccination policy.

[16] By not having an approved exemption from the policy, the Appellant was not in compliance with the policy’s requirements. That the employer dismissed him because he did not have an approved exemption doesn’t change that. The preponderance of evidence supports that the Appellant was dismissed for his non-compliance with the employer’s vaccination policy

Is the reason for his dismissal misconduct under the law?

[17] The reason for the Appellant’s dismissal is misconduct under the law.

[18] The Employment Insurance Act (Act) doesn’t say what misconduct means. But case law explains how to determine whether the Appellant’s suspension is misconduct under the Act. It sets out the legal test for misconduct—the questions and criteria to consider when examining the issue of misconduct.

[19] Case law says that, to be misconduct, the conduct has to be wilful. This means that the conduct was conscious, deliberate, or intentional.^{Footnote 4} Misconduct also includes conduct that is so reckless that it is almost wilful.^{Footnote 5} The Appellant doesn’t have to have wrongful intent (in other words, he doesn’t have to mean to be doing something wrong) for his behaviour to be misconduct under the law.^{Footnote 6}

[20] There is misconduct if the Appellant knew or should have known that his conduct could get in the way of carrying out his duties toward the employer and that there was a real possibility of being let go from his job because of that.^{Footnote 7}

[21] The Commission must prove that the Appellant lost his job because of misconduct. The Commission must prove this on a balance of probabilities. This means that it must show that it is more likely than not that the Appellant lost his job because of misconduct.^{Footnote 8}

[22] I only have the power to decide questions under the Act. I can’t make any decisions about whether the Appellant has other options under other laws. Issues about whether the Appellant was wrongfully dismissed or whether the employer should have made reasonable arrangements (accommodations) for the Appellant aren’t for me to decide.^{Footnote 9} I can consider only one thing: whether what the Appellant did or failed to do is misconduct under the Act.

[23] There is a case from the Federal Court of Appeal (FCA) called Canada (Attorney General) v McNamara.^{Footnote 10} Mr. McNamara was dismissed from his job under his employer’s drug testing policy. He argued that he should not have been dismissed because the drug test was not justified under the circumstances, which included that there were no reasonable grounds to believe he was unable to work in a safe manner due to the use of drugs, and he should have been covered under the last test he’d taken.  Basically, Mr. McNamara argued that he should get EI benefits because his employer’s actions surrounding his dismissal were not right.  

[24] In response to Mr. McNamara’s arguments, the FCA stated that it has consistently found that the question in misconduct cases is, “not to determine whether the dismissal of an employee was wrongful or not, but rather to decide whether the act or omission of the employee amounted to misconduct within the meaning of the Act.” The Court went on to note that the focus when interpreting and applying the Act is, “clearly not on the behaviour of the employer, but rather on the behaviour of the employee.” It pointed out that there are other remedies available to employees who have been wrongfully dismissed, “remedies which sanction the behaviour of an employer other than transferring the costs of that behaviour to the Canadian taxpayers” through EI benefits.

[25] A more recent decision following the McNamara case is Paradis v Canada (Attorney General).^{Footnote 11} Like Mr. McNamara, Mr. Paradis was dismissed after failing a drug test. Mr. Paradis argued that he was wrongfully dismissed, the test results showed that he was not impaired at work, and the employer should have accommodated him in accordance with its own policies and provincial human rights legislation. The Federal Court relied on the McNamara case and said that the conduct of the employer is not a relevant consideration when deciding misconduct under the Act.^{Footnote 12}

[26] Another similar case decided by the FCA is Mishibinijima v Canada (Attorney General).^{Footnote 13} Mr. Mishibinijima lost his job for reasons related to an alcohol dependence.  He argued that, because alcohol dependence has been recognized as a disability, his employer was obligated to provide an accommodation. The Court again said that the focus is on what the employee did or did not do, and the fact that the employer did not accommodate its employee is not a relevant consideration.^{Footnote 14}

[27] These cases are not about COVID-19 vaccination policies; however, the principles in these cases are still relevant. In a very recent decision, which did relate to a COVID-19 vaccination policy, the Appellant argued that his questions about the safety and efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccines and the antigen tests were never satisfactorily answered. He also said that no decision maker had addressed how a person could be forced to take an untested medication or conduct testing when it violates fundamental bodily integrity and amounts to discrimination based on personal medical choices.^{Footnote 15}

[28] In dismissing the case, the Federal Court wrote:

While the Applicant is clearly frustrated that none of the decision-makers have addressed what he sees as the fundamental legal or factual issues that he raises…the key problem with the Applicant’s argument is that he is criticizing decision-makers for failing to deal with a set of questions they are not, by law, permitted to address.^{Footnote 16}

[29] The Court also wrote:

The [Social Security Tribunal’s General Division], and the Appeal Division, have an important, but narrow and specific role to play in the legal system. In this case, that role involved determining why the Applicant was dismissed from his employment, and whether that reason constituted “misconduct.”^{Footnote 17}

[30] Case law makes it clear that my role is not to look at the employer’s conduct or policies and determine whether they were right in suspending the Appellant. Instead, I must focus on what the Appellant did or did not do and whether that amounts to misconduct under the Act. 

What the Commission and the Appellant say

[31] The Commission and the Appellant agree on the key facts in this case. The key facts are the facts the Commission must prove to show the Appellant’s conduct is misconduct within the meaning of the Act.

[32] The Commission says that there was misconduct because:

• the employer had a vaccination policy and communicated that policy to the Appellant
• the employer’s policy required the Appellant be vaccinated against COVID-19 or have an approved exemption.
• the Appellant knew what he had to do under the policy
• he made a personal choice to not get vaccinated
• the employer dismissed him because he did not comply with its vaccination policy

[33] The Appellant says that there was no misconduct because:

• the employer’s vaccination policy wasn’t reasonable in his workplace context
• he wasn’t able to get vaccinated due to his religious beliefs
• the employer discriminated against him when it denied his religious exemption request
• the employer refused any alternatives to the vaccination, such as self-isolating on his time off and testing before returning to work
• the vaccination policy was not a condition of employment when he was hired

[34] The evidence is clear that the employer implemented a mandatory vaccination policy. The Appellant knew that he would be dismissed if he was not vaccinated or had an approved exemption.

[35] The Appellant asked for an exemption to the policy on religious grounds. He met with the employer to answer questions about his exemption request. Shortly after that, the employer contacted him and told him that his exemption request was denied. He testified that it was a week or two later he received an email saying he was dismissed. He said that he knew he would be dismissed because his exemption had been denied.

[36] I find the Appellant knew that his employer instituted a mandatory vaccination policy and knew what would happen if he didn’t follow it because he testified that he was aware of the policy and the consequences of not complying. While exemptions were available, an exemption was never guaranteed to the Appellant.

[37] The employer has a right to manage their daily operations, which includes the authority to develop and implement policies at the workplace. When the employer implemented this policy as a requirement for all of its employees, this policy became an express condition of the Appellant’s employment.^{Footnote 18}

[38] The Appellant submits that the employer’s choice to deny his religious exemption request violated the law and his human rights.

[39] In Canada, there are a number of laws that protect an individual’s rights, such as the right to privacy or the right to non-discrimination. The Charter is one of these laws. There is also the Canadian Bill of Rights, the Canadian Human Rights Act, and several other federal and provincial laws, such as Bill C-45,^{Footnote 19} that protect rights and freedoms.

[40] These laws are enforced by different courts and tribunals. 

[41] This Tribunal is able to consider whether a provision of the Act or its regulations or related legislation infringes rights that are guaranteed to a claimant by the Charter. The Appellant has not identified a section of the EI legislation, regulations or related law that I am empowered to consider as violating his Charter rights.

[42] This Tribunal doesn’t have the authority to consider whether an action taken by an employer violates a claimant’s fundamental rights under the Charter. This is beyond my jurisdiction. Nor is the Tribunal allowed to make rulings based on the Canadian Bill of Rights, the Canadian Human Rights Act, or any of the provincial laws that protect rights and freedoms.

[43] The Federal Court of Appeal has said that the Tribunal does not have to determine whether an employer’s policy was reasonable or a claimant’s loss of employment was justified.^{Footnote 20}

[44] The Appellant may have other recourse to pursue his claims that the employer discriminated against him. These matters must be addressed by the correct court or tribunal. This was made clear by the Federal Court in Cecchetto.^{Footnote 21}

[45] I find that the Commission has proven that there was misconduct because:

• the employer had a vaccination policy that said employees had to be vaccinated or have an approved exemption
• the employer clearly told the Appellant about what it expected of its employees in terms of being vaccinated
• the Appellant knew or should have known the consequence of not following the employer’s vaccination policy

So, was the Appellant dismissed because of misconduct?

[46] Based on my findings above, I find that the Appellant was dismissed from his job because of misconduct.

[47] This is because the Appellant’s actions led to his dismissal. He acted deliberately. He knew or ought to have known that failing to comply with the employer’s policy was likely to cause his to be dismissed, and he chose not to comply.

Conclusion

[48] The appeal is dismissed.

[49] The Commission has proven that the Appellant was dismissed from his job because of misconduct. This means the Appellant is disqualified from receiving EI benefits.